Bayonets

* M9 bayonet
* OKC-3S bayonet

Fighting Knives

* Ka-Bar
* Strider SMF
* Gerber Mark II

Swords

*
o Marine Noncommissioned Officers’ Sword, 1859-Present
o Marine Officers’ Mameluke Sword, 1875-Present

Small arms

Pistols

* M1911A1 .45 Caliber Pistol
* M9 Beretta 9 mm Pistol
* MEU(SOC) pistol
* S&W Model 10
* S&W Model 66

Submachine guns

* Heckler & Koch MP5
* CAR15 SMG (Marine Recon only)

Rifles

* M16A2 & M16A4 Assault Rifles
* M4A1 Carbine
* M4A1 Close Quarter Battle Weapon (CQBW)
* USMC Squad Advanced Marksman Rifle (SAM-R)
* USMC Designated Marksman Rifle (DMR)
* M40A1 & M40A3 Sniper Rifles
* M82A1A & M82A3 Sniper Rifles
* Mk 11 Mod 0

Shotguns

* Remington 870
* Mossberg 590A1
* Masterkey
* M1014

Machine guns

* M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun
* M240G 7.62 mm Medium Machine Gun
* M249 5.56 mm Squad Automatic Weapon
* M60E3 7.62 mm Machine Gun

Grenade launchers

* M203 40 mm Rifle-Mounted
* MK19 40 mm Grenade Machine Gun
* M79 40 mm Stand-Alone
* M32 Multiple Grenade Launcher

Less-than-lethal

* Mk 141 Mod 0 grenade

Mortars

* M224 60 mm Mortar
* M252 81 mm Extended Range Mortar

Artillery

* M198 155 mm Medium Howitzer
* M777 Lightweight Howitzer
* HIMARS

Missile Launchers

* AT4
* Shoulder-Launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon (SMAW)
* FGM-148 Javelin Anti-Tank missile
* Tube Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire Guided (TOW) Missile Weapon System
* Stinger Weapons System
* Predator Short-Range Assault Weapon
* M72 LAW

Vehicle-Mounted

* M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun
* MK19 40 mm Grenade Machine Gun

Aircraft-Mounted

Guns

* GAU-12 25 mm Gatling gun
* GAU-16 .50 Caliber Machine gun
* GAU-17 7.62 mm automatic gun
* GAU-2B/A
* GAU-4 20 mm Vulcan (M61)
* M197 Gatling gun
* M2 .50 Caliber Machine Gun
* M240G 7.62 mm Medium Machine Gun

Bombs

* CBU-99 Cluster Bomb
* GBU-10 2000 lb laser guided bomb
* GBU-12 500 lb laser guided bomb
* GBU-16 1000 lb laser guided bomb
* MK82 series 500 lb bomb
* MK83 series 1000 lb bomb

Missiles

* AGM-45 Shrike Missile
* AGM-65 Maverick Missile
* AGM-84 Harpoon Missile
* AGM-88 High-Speed Anti-radiation Missile (HARM)
* AGM-114 Hellfire (Helicopter launched fire-and-forget)
* AGM-122 Sidearm (anti-radar) Missile
* AIM-7 Sparrow
* AIM-9 Sidewinder (anti-air) Missile
* AIM-120 AMRAAM

Rockets

* Hydra 70
* M260 70 mm Rocket Launcher

British soldiers on patrol

The Ministry of Defence has introduced new guidelines to prevent military personnel talking about their experiences as members of the Armed Forces.

Soldiers, sailors and air force members will be prevented from blogging, taking part in surveys, speaking in public or posting on bulletin boards, according to The Guardian.

They will also be barred from playing multi-player computer games and sending text messages, photographs and audio or video material without permission if they relate to defence matters.

The guidelines say “all such communication must help to maintain and, where possible, enhance the reputation of defence”, the paper reported.

They come after the row earlier this year about two members of the Royal Navy selling their stories to the media after being held captive in Iran.

Receiving money for interviews, conferences and books which draw on official defence experience has now been banned.

The rules apparently also apply to Territorial Army members and cadets when they are on duty, as well as to civil servants working for the MoD.

Simon McDowell, the MoD’s director general of media communications, told the Guardian: “We are trying to give straightforward, clear guidance that is up to date.

“The existing regulations were confusing and didn’t include things like accepting payment. It applies to communicating about defence matters, not personal things. Particular things can impact on operational security; information which somebody can get a hold of.”

But they have provoked condemnation from service personnel, some of whom immediately turned to online forums to talk about their incredulity and confusion about the clampdown.

One, named ViroBono, quoted the title of the MoD’s update on “rules on communicating with the public and the media” before writing: “Surely ‘NOT communicating’, since this is the clear intent.

“Clearly they have realised that the veracity of everything Ministers say, and MoD’s own media people put out, is doubted, and have decided that rather than cleaning up their own act, they’ll try to shift the responsibility.”

A spokeswoman for the MoD said that the rules were not new, but had just been updated to include details about receiving payment from the media and about the internet.

She said: “These are not new rules. These or similar have been around for at least a decade. They have been updated to reflect the findings of the Hall report (payment and authorisation of media contacts) and changes in communications technology (eg: the growth of the web).

“Most public and private organisations of any size – in the UK and elsewhere – have rules on the authorisation processes to be followed before people speak publicly or to the media.

“They are not unique to MoD. We want our people to speak about what they do, but they must be properly authorised.”

Starting Monday, the Defense Department will block access to MySpace, YouTube and a host of other sites on official department computers worldwide, in an effort to boost its network efficiency.

Troops and families living on U.S. bases will still be able to view the sites through private Internet networks, but the move leaves servicemembers in Iraq and Afghanistan who use the popular picture- and video-sharing sites with little or no access to them.

Defense officials said the move is solely a reaction to the heavy drain the streaming video and audio can put on the defense computer network.

“We’re not passing any judgment on these sites, we’re just saying you shouldn’t be accessing them at work,” said Julie Ziegenhorn, spokeswoman for U.S. Strategic Command. “This is a bandwidth and network management issue. We’ve got to have the networks open to do our mission. They have to be reliable, timely and secure.”

In a message to troops from U.S. Forces Korea commander Gen. B.B. Bell on Friday, he acknowledged many of the sites being blocked are used by troops to keep in touch with family and friends.

This recreational traffic impacts our official DOD network and bandwidth availability, while posting a significant operational security challenge,” he wrote.

Ironically, the Defense Department this year had just begun expanding its own use of YouTube to reach a younger, broader audience and show clips of U.S. troops in action.

Multi-National Force — Iraq, U.S. Army Civil Affairs Command in Afghanistan, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the Gulf Region have all launched new channels on the Web site to highlight recent successes overseas.

Ziegenhorn said that wasn’t taken into consideration when the Joint Task Force Global Network Operations began reviewing and flagging sites that posed problems to the network.

“This is all about what is a drain on the system,” she said.

A review of the banned sites has been under way since February, she said. And the task force is still considering other problematic addresses to add to the list.

“This will be an ever-evolving discussion, because we need to constantly make sure those networks are available and secure,” she said.

The official policy blocking the sites will be released Monday, the same day they go into effect. But Ziegenhorn said most network administrators are already aware of the change.

The individual services have already blocked some sites for the same bandwidth issues. In addition, Defense Department policy prohibits troops or civilian workers from using government computers from accessing inappropriate sites because of inappropriate content, such as pornography.

source: Stars and Stripes

1. Chemical warfare definition

   1. warfare using the toxic properties of chemical substances to kill, injure or incapacitate an enemy.

   2. Use of lethal or incapacitating chemical weapons in war, and the methods of combating such agents

2. Chemical warfare technology

   1. Chemical weapon agents

      1. Persistency

All chemical weapon agents are classified according to their persistency, a measure of the length of time that a chemical agent remains effective after dissemination. Chemical agents are classified as persistent or nonpersistent.

Agents classified as nonpersistent lose effectiveness after only a few minutes or hours. Purely gaseous agents such as chlorine are nonpersistent, as are highly volatile agents such as sarin and most other nerve agents. Tactically, nonpersistent agents are very useful against targets that are to be taken over and controlled very quickly. Generally speaking, nonpersistent agents present only an inhalation hazard.

By contrast, persistent agents tend to remain in the environment for as long as a week, complicating decontamination. Defense against persistent agents requires shielding for extended periods of time. Non-volatile liquid agents, such as blister agents and the oily VX nerve agent, do not easily evaporate into a gas, and therefore present primarily a contact hazard.

1. 1. 2. Classes of chemical weapon agents

Chemical weapon agents are organized into several categories according to the manner in which they affect the human body. The names and number of categories varies slightly from source to source,

1. 1. 3. Chemical weapon designations

Most chemical weapons are assigned a one- to three-letter “NATO weapon designation” in addition to, or in place of, a common name. Binary munitions, in which precursors for chemical weapon agents are automatically mixed in shell to produce the agent just prior to its use, are indicated by a “-2″ following the agent’s designation (for example, GB-2 and VX-2).

1. 2. Chemical agent delivery

The most important factor in the effectiveness of chemical weapons is the efficiency of its delivery, or dissemination, to a target. The most common techniques include munitions (such as bombs, projectiles, warheads) that allow dissemination at a distance and spray tanks which disseminate from low-flying aircraft. Developments in the techniques of filling and storage of munitions have also been important.

Although there have been many advances in chemical weapon delivery since World War I, it is still difficult to achieve effective dispersion. The dissemination is highly dependent on atmospheric conditions because many chemical agents act in gaseous form. Thus, weather observations and forecasting are essential to optimize weapon delivery and reduce the risk of injuring friendly forces.

1. 1. 1. Dispersion

Dispersion is the simplest technique of delivering an agent to its target. It consists of placing the chemical agent upon or adjacent to a target immediately before dissemination, so that the material is most efficiently used.

World War I saw the earliest implementation of this technique, when German forces simply opened canisters of chlorine and allowed the wind to carry the gas across enemy lines. While simple and easy, this technique had numerous disadvantages. Delivery depended greatly on wind speed and direction.

non-explosive artillery

1950s and early 1960s, chemical artillery rockets

1. 1. 2. Thermal dissemination

Thermal dissemination is the use of explosives or pyrotechnics to deliver chemical agents.

1. 1. 3. Aerodynamic dissemination

Aerodynamic dissemination is the non-explosive delivery of a chemical agent from an aircraft, allowing aerodynamic stress to disseminate the agent.

3. History

   1. Chemical warfare in ancient and classical times

Chemical weapons have been used for millennia in the form of poisoned arrows

during the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta. Spartan forces besieging an Athenian city placed a lighted mixture of wood, pitch, and sulfur under the walls hoping that the noxious smoke would incapacitate the Athenians, so that they would not be able to resist the assault that followed

1. 2. The rediscovery of chemical warfare

During the Renaissance, people again considered using chemical warfare. One of the earliest such references is from Leonardo da Vinci, who proposed a powder of sulfide of arsenic

1. 3. Chemical warfare in World War I

The French were the first to use chemical weapons during the First World War, using tear gas

Germans attacked French, Canadian and Algerian troops with chlorine gas.

1. 4. Chemical warfare in the interwar years

After World War I, the United States and many of the European powers attempted to take advantage of the opportunities that the war created by attempting to establish and hold colonies. During this interwar period, chemical agents were occasionally used to subdue populations and suppress rebellion.

In 1935 Fascist Italy used mustard gas during the invasion of Ethiopia in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. Ignoring the Geneva Protocol, which it signed seven years earlier, the Italian military dropped mustard gas in bombs, sprayed it from airplanes, and spread it in powdered form on the ground. 15,000 chemical casualties were reported, mostly from mustard gas.

The Soviet Union also employed poison gas on its own people during the interwar period. Soviet commander Mikhail Tukhachevsky used chemical weapons in the 1921 suppression of a massive peasant uprising around Tambov.

1. 5. Chemical warfare in World War II

During World War II, chemical warfare was revolutionized by Nazi Germany‘s accidental discovery of the nerve agents tabun, sarin and soman.

The Japanese used mustard gas

German–manufactured “fine white powder,” and instructions from the Mufti to dump chemicals into the Tel Aviv water system.

The Nazis used the insecticide Zyklon B, which contains hydrogen cyanide, to kill large numbers of victims in concentration camps

1. 6. Chemical warfare during the Cold War

      1. Developments by the Western governments

After World War II, the Allies recovered German artillery shells containing the three German nerve agents of the day (tabun, sarin, and soman), prompting further research into nerve agents by all of the former Allies. Although the threat of global thermonuclear annihilation was foremost in the minds of most during the Cold War, both the Soviet and Western governments put enormous resources into developing chemical and biological weapons.

US (VE, VG, VM, VX)

1. 1. 2. United States Senate Report

A 1994 United States Senate Report, entitled “Is military research hazardous to veterans health? Lessons spanning a half century,”[4] detailed the United States’ Department of Defense practice of experimenting on animal and human subjects, often without a latter’s knowledge or consent. [5] This included:

1. 1. 3. Developments by the Soviet government

Due to the secrecy of the Soviet Union’s government, very little information was available about the direction and progress of the Soviet chemical weapons until relatively recently. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Russian chemist Vil Mirzayanov published articles revealing illegal chemical weapons experimentation in Russia.

1. 1. 4. Chemical warfare in the Iran-Iraq War

The Iran-Iraq War began in 1980 when Iraq attacked Iran. Early in the conflict, Iraq began to employ mustard gas and tabun delivered by bombs dropped from airplanes; approximately 5% of all Iranian casualties are directly attributable to the use of these agents. Iraq and the U.S. government alleged that Iran was also using chemical weapons, but independent sources were unable to confirm these allegations.

About 100,000 Iranian soldiers were victims of Iraq‘s chemical attacks. Many were hit by mustard gas.

1. 7. Chemical weapons and terrorism

In 2001, after carrying out the attacks in New York City on September 11, the organization Al Qaeda announced that they were attempting to acquire radiological, biological and chemical weapons. This threat was lent a great deal of credibility when a large archive of videotapes was obtained by the cable television network CNN in August of 2002 showing, among other things, the killing of three dogs by an apparent nerve agent.

4. Example: VX Gas

methylphosphonothioic acid, S-[2-[bis(1-methylethyl)amino]ethyl]- O-ethyl ester

1. 1. In the film “The Rock”, it was that “green” that the terrorists threatened San Francisco Bay area

   2. In a combat situation, VX Gas would be deployed by detonating a container (e.g. a missile) of gas over the target area.

   3. VX Gas has an LD50 (dose toxic to 50% of victims) is the lowest of any known compound at only 10mg (a raindrop weighs about 50mg).

   4. VX Gas is easily absorbed into the body, and inhalation at concentrations as low as 30mg per cubic meter kills within fifteen minutes.

   5. VX Gas disrupts the passage of messages between nerves, and from nerves to muscles.

   6. It operates by cutting off the nervous system

   7. VX Gas causes many symptoms, and usually kills.

   8. VX Gas has effective antidotes if treated promptly.

   9. The International Chemical Weapons Convention bans the use of nerve agents (including VX Gas), and requires all stockpiles to be destroyed by 2007.

   10. UN weapons inspectors have found EMPTA, a VX precursor, in Iraqi factories, and at the site of the 1998 US bombardment of factories in The Sudan

Agent Identification and Common Name(s)

Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Name

Chemical Structure

]]> http://ezineblog.org/military/chemical-warfare/feed/ 1 http://ezineblog.org/military/brian-chontosh-modern-american-hero/ http://ezineblog.org/military/brian-chontosh-modern-american-hero/#comments Sun, 13 May 2007 22:29:05 +0000 Steve http://ezineblog.org/?p=52 Meet Brian Chontosh.

Churchville-Chili Central School class of 1991. Proud graduate of the Rochester Institute of Technology. Husband and about-to-be father. First Lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps.

And a genuine hero.

The Secretary of the Navy said so yesterday.

At 29 Palms in California Brian Chontosh was presented with the Navy Cross, the second highest award for combat bravery the United States can bestow.

That’s a big deal.

But you won’t see it on the network news tonight, and all you read in Brian’s hometown newspaper was two paragraphs of nothing. Instead, it was more blather about some mental defective MPs who acted like animals.

The odd fact about the American media in this war is that it’s not covering the American military. The most plugged-in nation in the world is receiving virtually no true information about what its warriors are doing.

Oh, sure, there’s a body count. We know how many Americans have fallen. And we see those same casket pictures day in and day out. And we’re almost on a first-name basis with the pukes who abused the Iraqi prisoners. And we know all about improvised explosive devices and how we lost Fallujah and what Arab public-opinion polls say about us and how the world hates us.

We get a non-stop feed of gloom and doom.

But we don’t hear about the heroes.

The incredibly brave GIs who honorably do their duty. The ones our grandparents would have carried on their shoulders down Fifth Avenue.

The ones we completely ignore.

Like Brian Chontosh.

It was a year ago on the march into Baghdad. Brian Chontosh was a platoon leader rolling up Highway 1 in a humvee.

When all hell broke loose.

Ambush city.

The young Marines were being cut to ribbons. Mortars, machine guns, rocket propelled grenades. And the kid out of Churchville was in charge. It was do or die and it was up to him.

So he moved to the side of his column, looking for a way to lead his men to safety. As he tried to poke a hole through the Iraqi line his humvee came under direct enemy machine gun fire.

It was fish in a barrel and the Marines were the fish.

And Brian Chontosh gave the order to attack. He told his driver to floor the humvee directly at the machine gun emplacement that was firing at them. And he had the guy on top with the .50 cal unload on them.

Within moments there were Iraqis slumped across the machine gun and Chontosh was still advancing, ordering his driver now to take the humvee directly into the Iraqi trench that was attacking his Marines. Over into the battlement the humvee went and out the door Brian Chontosh bailed, carrying an M16 and a Beretta and 228 years of Marine Corps pride.

And he ran down the trench.

With its mortars and riflemen, machineguns and grenadiers.

And he killed them all.

He fought with the M16 until it was out of ammo. Then he fought with the Beretta until it was out of ammo. Then he picked up a dead man’s AK47 and fought with that until it was out of ammo. Then he picked up another dead man’s AK47 and fought with that until it was out of ammo.

At one point he even fired a discarded Iraqi RPG into an enemy cluster, sending attackers flying with its grenade explosion.

When he was done Brian Chontosh had cleared 200 yards of entrenched Iraqis from his platoon’s flank. He had killed more than 20 and wounded at least as many more.

But that’s probably not how he would tell it.

He would probably merely say that his Marines were in trouble, and he got them out of trouble. Hoo-ah, and drive on.

“By his outstanding display of decisive leadership, unlimited courage in the face of heavy enemy fire, and utmost devotion to duty, 1st Lt. Chontosh reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the Marine Corps and the United States Naval Service.”

That’s what the citation says.

And that’s what nobody will hear.

That’s what doesn’t seem to be making the evening news. Accounts of American valor are dismissed by the press as propaganda, yet accounts of American difficulties are heralded as objectivity. It makes you wonder if the role of the media is to inform, or to depress ? to report or to deride. To tell the truth, or to feed us lies.

But I guess it doesn’t matter.

We’re going to turn out all right.

As long as men like Brian Chontosh wear our uniform.

One quick fix to the problem is to weld hooks to the Humvee doors so another truck can rip them off with a cable and release the troops.

“Every Humvee outside (a fortified base) will have a hook,” says Lt. Col. William Wiggins, an Army spokesman at the Pentagon.

The Army plans to spend $284 million this year on Humvee armor kits to protect U.S. troops from makeshift roadside bombs.

Improvised explosive devices are the No. 1 killer of U.S. troops in Iraq, causing 70 percent of injuries and death.

United Press International